NOD5, also known as NLRX1, is a member of the NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) family, a group of proteins that are involved in innate immune defense. NOD5 localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane and interacts with the virus-induced signaling adapter protein VISA. Unlike a subset of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) such as NOD1 and NOD2 which trigger pro-inflammatory cascades, and other NLRs that induce the caspase 1 inflammasome in response to immune challenges, NOD5 amplifies NF-kappaB and JNK pathways by inducing reactive oxygen species production.